Cincinnati, OH · standard
ZIP Code 45231
Hamilton County, Ohio - Census ACS demographics, housing tenure, and business patterns, benchmarked against every US ZIP.
- 40,893
- 1,100/sq mi High-density area
- $71,353
- Median income Near-median income area
- $176,000
- Median home value Near-median home value
- 29.2%
- Bachelor's or higher Near-average bachelor's attainment
National ZIP placement
Cincinnati pairs a below-median household income with below-median home values, in a low-density, homeowner-dominated area.
- 49th pct
- household income, US ZIPs
- 37th pct
- home value, US ZIPs
- 1,100
- people per sq mi
- 73%
- owner-occupied homes
Source: U.S. Census Bureau ACS 5-Year Estimates (2019–2023). Percentiles rank ZIP 45231 against every reporting US ZIP.
FHFA HPI release change
What changed in the latest House Price Index year
- FHFA House Price Index values in ZIP 45231 (Cincinnati, OH) rose +7.0% from 2023 to 2024. The all-transactions index moved from 187.0 in 2023 to 200.0 in 2024 (2000 = 100).
ZIP code 45231 is a densely settled ZIP (a standard USPS delivery area) in Cincinnati, Hamilton County, Ohio, with 40,893 residents across 37.2 square miles, a density of 1,100 people per square mile, in the New York time zone.
ZIP 45231 lands in the middle-income range, with a median household income of $71,353 (2% below the average Ohio ZIP), while per-capita income is $36,975. The poverty rate is 11.7%, with unemployment at 4.9%; those measures add context to the income figure. Median home value is $176,000 (11% below the average Ohio ZIP) and median rent is $1,232; 72.6% of occupied homes are owner-occupied.
Educational attainment sits below the national norm: 29.2% of adults hold a bachelor's degree or higher, the median age is 41.1, and the average commute is 25 minutes. The page also surfaces 10 ZIP codes within roughly 10 miles and 6 more in Hamilton County, so 45231 can be compared with both its immediate and county-level context.
Every figure on this page is sourced from the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates (including median rent) and the FHFA House Price Index, no estimates, no proprietary scoring. Verify with Census →
Top industries in ZIP 45231
Top 5 sectors by establishment count in Cincinnati, OH
Which industries have the most business establishments in ZIP 45231.
- Health care and social assistance
Health care and social assistance
109 establishments
- Retail trade
Retail trade
85 establishments
- Other services (except public administration)
Other services (except public administration)
84 establishments
- Accommodation and food services
Accommodation and food services
62 establishments
- Construction
Construction
47 establishments
What this shows Establishment counts come from the Census ZIP Code Business Patterns program, which counts physical business locations rather than employees or revenue.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates + ZIP Code Business Patterns + FHFA HPI ACS demographics and median rent, ZBP business establishments, FHFA HPI for ZIP 45231, Cincinnati, OH · 2023 Census ACS 5-Year Estimates use a rolling 60-month sample for stable small-geography estimates; ZBP updated annually; FHFA HPI updated quarterly/annually.
Quick Facts
40,893
Population
37.2
Area (sq mi)
1,100
People / sq mi
New York
Time Zone
standard
ZIP Type
Who lives in ZIP 45231?
41.1
Median Age
49.5%
Male
50.5%
Female
6.1%
Foreign-Born
Hispanic or Latino is an ethnicity category from the Census Bureau and may overlap with other categories above.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, ACS 5-Year Estimates (2023)
How much do residents earn?
$71,353
Median Household Income
-2% vs state ZIP avg
$36,975
Per Capita Income
11.7%
Poverty Rate
4.9%
Unemployment Rate
24.6 min
Mean Commute Time
How ZIP 45231 ranks nationally
Cincinnati, OH household income vs. every US ZIP code
Median household income, the full national distribution, with this ZIP marked
$71,353 49th percentile higher than 49% of 30,318 US ZIPs
Each bar is a $20K-wide band; taller bars hold more US ZIPs. The dashed line + filled bar mark this entry. Hover or tap any bar for its full count, share, and where it sits relative to this entry.
Source U.S. Census Bureau, ACS 5-Year Estimates · 2019–2023
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, ACS 5-Year Estimates (2023)
What is the education profile here?
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, ACS 5-Year Estimates (2023)
What does housing look like?
Housing stock: occupied vs vacant
17,505housing units
17,505
Total Housing Units
16,911
Occupied Units
594
Vacant Units
2.34
Avg Household Size
Occupancy Type
$176,000
Median Home Value
-11% vs state ZIP avg
$1,232
Median Rent
1964
Median Year Built
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, ACS 5-Year Estimates (2023)
How have home values changed over time?
FHFA House Price Index, annual appreciation data based on repeat sales and appraisals
+7.0%
YoY Change (2024)
200
HPI Index (2000 = 100)
+100%
Total Change Since 2000
Home values in ZIP 45231 have increased 7.0% over the past year (2024). Since 2000, this ZIP has seen +100% cumulative appreciation.
| Year | Annual Change | HPI Index |
|---|---|---|
| 2020 | +5.8% | 126 |
| 2021 | +15.8% | 146 |
| 2022 | +14.6% | 167 |
| 2023 | +11.9% | 187 |
| 2024 | +7.0% | 200 |
Source: Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA) House Price Index, All-Transactions, Five-Digit ZIP Codes (Developmental Index). Index base = 100 in year 2000. Data through 2024. ZIP codes with few transactions may show missing values.
What businesses operate in this ZIP?
Census Bureau data shows 562 business establishments in ZIP 45231, employing approximately 7,532 people with a combined annual payroll of $299,797,000.
562
Businesses
7,532
Employees
$299.8M
Annual Payroll
15
Industry Sectors
| Industry | Establishments | % of Total |
|---|---|---|
| Health care and social assistance | 109 | 19.4% |
| Retail trade | 85 | 15.1% |
| Other services (except public administration) | 84 | 14.9% |
| Accommodation and food services | 62 | 11.0% |
| Construction | 47 | 8.4% |
| Administrative and support and waste management and remediation services | 41 | 7.3% |
| Professional, scientific, and technical services | 28 | 5.0% |
| Finance and insurance | 18 | 3.2% |
| Wholesale trade | 16 | 2.9% |
| Educational services | 15 | 2.7% |
| Real estate and rental and leasing | 14 | 2.5% |
| Manufacturing | 12 | 2.1% |
| Transportation and warehousing | 10 | 1.8% |
| Information | 10 | 1.8% |
| Arts, entertainment, and recreation | 9 | 1.6% |
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, ZIP Code Business Patterns (ZBP), 2023. Employment figures may include noise for disclosure avoidance.
Nearby ZIP Codes
Want a side-by-side? Compare 45231 vs 45218 →
ZIP 45231 vs its nearest neighbors, by population
Resident population of this ZIP and the closest reporting ZIP codes within ~10 miles.
- 45014
Fairfield (45014)
43,917 residents
- 45231
Cincinnati (45231)
40,893 residents
- 45215
Cincinnati (45215)
29,623 residents
- 45239
Cincinnati (45239)
28,315 residents
- 45240
Cincinnati (45240)
27,286 residents
- 45251
Cincinnati (45251)
22,391 residents
- 45224
Cincinnati (45224)
19,837 residents
- 45223 12,360
Cincinnati (45223)
12,360 residents
- 45216 9,570
Cincinnati (45216)
9,570 residents
What this shows Among its immediate neighbors, ZIP 45231 ranks #2 by population - useful context the national average alone can't give.
ZIP 45231 vs its nearest neighbors, by median income
Median household income of this ZIP and the closest reporting ZIP codes within ~10 miles.
- 45014
Fairfield (45014)
$75,661 median income
- 45251
Cincinnati (45251)
$74,614 median income
- 45240
Cincinnati (45240)
$71,947 median income
- 45231
Cincinnati (45231)
$71,353 median income
- 45218
Cincinnati (45218)
$71,000 median income
- 45215
Cincinnati (45215)
$69,372 median income
- 45239
Cincinnati (45239)
$60,324 median income
- 45224
Cincinnati (45224)
$56,471 median income
- 45223
Cincinnati (45223)
$49,312 median income
What this shows By household income, ZIP 45231 ranks #4 of 9 neighboring ZIPs, local affluence varies block to block, not just metro to metro.
| ZIP Code | City | Population | Distance |
|---|---|---|---|
| 45218 | Cincinnati, OH | 3,846 | 1.7 mi |
| 45240 | Cincinnati, OH | 27,286 | 2.8 mi |
| 45224 | Cincinnati, OH | 19,837 | 3.1 mi |
| 45251 | Cincinnati, OH | 22,391 | 3.4 mi |
| 45239 | Cincinnati, OH | 28,315 | 3.6 mi |
| 45223 | Cincinnati, OH | 12,360 | 5.2 mi |
| 45215 | Cincinnati, OH | 29,623 | 4.1 mi |
| 45232 | Cincinnati, OH | 6,358 | 4.6 mi |
| 45014 | Fairfield, OH | 43,917 | 5.8 mi |
| 45216 | Cincinnati, OH | 9,570 | 4.3 mi |
Nationwide ZIPs with similar ACS profiles
Two Census-derived peer sets for ZIP 45231, both outside OH so the neighborhoods are not geographic containment (Nearby and same-county blocks stay local).
Similar population
Nearest cross-state ZIPs by resident population (40,893 here; floor ≥1,000).
Similar median household income
Nearest cross-state ZIPs by ACS median household income.
More ZIP Codes in Hamilton County
Related Areas
Frequently Asked Questions
What county is ZIP code 45231 in?
ZIP code 45231 (Cincinnati) is located in Hamilton County, Ohio. Hamilton County contains multiple ZIP codes, see the full list at /counties/hamilton-oh.
What is the population of ZIP code 45231?
ZIP code 45231 in Cincinnati, OH has a population of 40,893 according to the Census Bureau ACS 2023 estimates.
What is the median household income in ZIP 45231?
The median household income in ZIP 45231 is $71,353, which is 6% below the national average of $76,288.
What is the average home value in ZIP 45231?
The median home value in ZIP 45231 is $176,000, which is 37% below the national average of $278,155.
What is the demographic makeup of ZIP 45231?
The largest racial group in ZIP 45231 is White at 46.1%. Hispanic or Latino residents make up 3.0% of the population.
How many businesses are in ZIP code 45231?
ZIP code 45231 has 562 business establishments employing approximately 7,532 people, according to Census Bureau ZIP Code Business Patterns (ZBP) 2023 data.
What are the main industries in ZIP code 45231?
The top industries by establishment count in ZIP 45231 are: Health care and social assistance (109), Retail trade (85), Other services (except public administration) (84). There are 15 industry sectors represented in total.
How have home values changed in ZIP code 45231?
According to the FHFA House Price Index, home values in ZIP 45231 increased by 7.0% in 2024. Since 2000, home values in this ZIP have appreciated by approximately 100%. This is a developmental index based on repeat sales and appraisal data from Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac.
What is the education level in ZIP code 45231?
In ZIP code 45231, 60.4% of residents aged 25+ have a high school diploma or higher, and 29.2% hold a bachelor's degree or higher. These figures come from the Census Bureau ACS 5-Year Estimates (2023).
What is the average commute time in ZIP 45231?
The mean commute time for workers in ZIP code 45231 is 24.6 minutes according to Census ACS data. The national average is roughly 26 minutes, so commuters here spend less time traveling to work than typical.
What percentage of residents own vs. rent in ZIP 45231?
In ZIP code 45231, approximately 72.6% of occupied housing units are owner-occupied and 27.4% are renter-occupied, based on Census ACS 2023 data.
What is the poverty rate in ZIP code 45231?
The poverty rate in ZIP code 45231 is 11.7% according to Census Bureau ACS 2023 estimates. This measures the percentage of the population living below the federal poverty threshold.
Related
Take this with you
What to do with ZIP 45231's numbers, next.
- See how ZIP 45231 compares to a neighboring ZIP code on the same Census fields Compare this ZIP
- Check where Cincinnati, OH ranks among every U.S. ZIP code on income, education, or homeownership View national rankings
- Save this ZIP to your shortlist to track alongside others you're considering View your shortlist
ZIP Code Tabulation Areas (ZCTAs) are Census Bureau approximations of USPS ZIP codes; figures describe the ZCTA area, not any single address within it.