PlainZIP

Cincinnati, OH · standard

ZIP Code 45231

Hamilton County, Ohio - Census ACS demographics, housing tenure, and business patterns, benchmarked against every US ZIP.

40,893
1,100/sq mi
$71,353
Median income
$176,000
Median home value
29.2%
Bachelor's or higher

The verdict

Cincinnati pairs a below-median household income with below-median home values, in a low-density, homeowner-dominated area.

49th pct
household income, US ZIPs
37th pct
home value, US ZIPs
1,100
people per sq mi
73%
owner-occupied homes

Source: U.S. Census Bureau ACS 5-Year Estimates (2019–2023). Percentiles rank ZIP 45231 against every reporting US ZIP.

ZIP code 45231 is a densely settled ZIP (a standard USPS delivery area) in Cincinnati, Hamilton County, Ohio, with 40,893 residents across 37.2 square miles, a density of 1,100 people per square mile, in the New York time zone.

ZIP 45231 lands in the middle-income range, with a median household income of $71,353 (2% below the Ohio average), while per-capita income is $36,975. Local economic indicators show a 11.7% poverty rate alongside 4.9% unemployment. Median home value sits at $176,000 (11% below the state average), median rent at $1,232 a month, and owner-occupancy at 72.6%.

Educational attainment sits below the national norm: 29.2% of adults hold a bachelor's degree or higher, the median age is 41.1, and the average commute is 25 minutes. A geography-based comparison follows: 10 ZIP codes within about 10 miles of 45231, plus 6 more within Hamilton County, give a clearer read than the national average alone.

Every figure on this page is sourced from the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates (including median rent) and the FHFA House Price Index, no estimates, no proprietary scoring. Verify with Census →

Top industries in ZIP 45231

Top 5 sectors by establishment count in Cincinnati, OH

Which industries have the most business establishments in ZIP 45231.

establishments

What this shows Establishment counts come from the Census ZIP Code Business Patterns program, which counts physical business locations rather than employees or revenue.

Source U.S. Census Bureau · ZIP Code Business Patterns (ZBP) As of 2023

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates + ZIP Code Business Patterns + FHFA HPI ACS demographics and median rent, ZBP business establishments, FHFA HPI for ZIP 45231, Cincinnati, OH · 2023 Census ACS 5-Year Estimates use a rolling 60-month sample for stable small-geography estimates; ZBP updated annually; FHFA HPI updated quarterly/annually.

Quick Facts

40,893

Population

37.2

Area (sq mi)

1,100

People / sq mi

New York

Time Zone

standard

ZIP Type

Neighborhood Scorecard
Get an A-F grade across income, safety, housing, rent, education, commute, and childcare for this ZIP code.
View Scorecard →

Who lives in ZIP 45231?

41.1

Median Age

49.5%

Male

50.5%

Female

6.1%

Foreign-Born

White 46.1%
African American 39.9%
Asian 2.7%
American Indian or Alaska Native 0.6%
Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander 0.0%
Two or More Ethnicities 8.8%
Hispanic or Latino 3.0%

Hispanic or Latino is an ethnicity category from the Census Bureau and may overlap with other categories above.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, ACS 5-Year Estimates (2023)

How much do residents earn?

$71,353

Median Household Income

-2% vs state

$36,975

Per Capita Income

11.7%

Poverty Rate

4.9%

Unemployment Rate

24.6 min

Mean Commute Time

How ZIP 45231 ranks nationally

Cincinnati, OH household income vs. every US ZIP code

Median household income, the full national distribution, with this ZIP marked

$71,353 49th percentile higher than 49% of 30,318 US ZIPs

$0–$20,000: 118 US ZIPs (0%). Below this entry. $20,000–$40,000: 1,573 US ZIPs (5%). Below this entry. $40,000–$60,000: 7,092 US ZIPs (23%). Below this entry. $60,000–$80,000: 9,980 US ZIPs (33%). This entry sits in this band. $80,000–$100,000: 5,778 US ZIPs (19%). Above this entry. $100,000–$120,000: 2,855 US ZIPs (9%). Above this entry. $120,000–$140,000: 1,362 US ZIPs (4%). Above this entry. $140,000–$160,000: 686 US ZIPs (2%). Above this entry. $160,000–$180,000: 364 US ZIPs (1%). Above this entry. $180,000–$200,000: 186 US ZIPs (1%). Above this entry. $200,000–$220,000: 324 US ZIPs (1%). Above this entry. This ZIP $0 $200K+ every reporting US ZIP, bucketed by value

Each bar is a $20K-wide band; taller bars hold more US ZIPs. The dashed line + filled bar mark this entry. Hover or tap any bar for its full count, share, and where it sits relative to this entry.

Source U.S. Census Bureau, ACS 5-Year Estimates · 2019–2023

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, ACS 5-Year Estimates (2023)

What is the education profile here?

High School Graduate or Higher 60.4%
Bachelor's Degree or Higher 29.2%

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, ACS 5-Year Estimates (2023)

What does housing look like?

17,505

Total Housing Units

16,911

Occupied Units

594

Vacant Units

2.34

Avg Household Size

Occupancy Type

Owner 72.6%
Renter 27.4%

$176,000

Median Home Value

-11% vs state

$1,232

Median Rent

1964

Median Year Built

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, ACS 5-Year Estimates (2023)

How have home values changed over time?

FHFA House Price Index, annual appreciation data based on repeat sales and appraisals

+7.0%

YoY Change (2024)

200

HPI Index (2000 = 100)

+100%

Total Change Since 2000

Home values in ZIP 45231 have increased 7.0% over the past year (2024). Since 2000, this ZIP has seen +100% cumulative appreciation.

Year Annual Change HPI Index
2020 +5.8% 126
2021 +15.8% 146
2022 +14.6% 167
2023 +11.9% 187
2024 +7.0% 200

Source: Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA) House Price Index, All-Transactions, Five-Digit ZIP Codes (Developmental Index). Index base = 100 in year 2000. Data through 2024. ZIP codes with few transactions may show missing values.

What businesses operate in this ZIP?

Census Bureau data shows 562 business establishments in ZIP 45231, employing approximately 7,532 people with a combined annual payroll of $299,797,000.

562

Businesses

7,532

Employees

$299.8M

Annual Payroll

15

Industry Sectors

Industry Establishments % of Total
Health care and social assistance 109 19.4%
Retail trade 85 15.1%
Other services (except public administration) 84 14.9%
Accommodation and food services 62 11.0%
Construction 47 8.4%
Administrative and support and waste management and remediation services 41 7.3%
Professional, scientific, and technical services 28 5.0%
Finance and insurance 18 3.2%
Wholesale trade 16 2.9%
Educational services 15 2.7%
Real estate and rental and leasing 14 2.5%
Manufacturing 12 2.1%
Transportation and warehousing 10 1.8%
Information 10 1.8%
Arts, entertainment, and recreation 9 1.6%

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, ZIP Code Business Patterns (ZBP), 2023. Employment figures may include noise for disclosure avoidance.

Nearby ZIP Codes

Want a side-by-side? Compare 45231 vs 45218 →

ZIP 45231 vs its nearest neighbors, by population

Resident population of this ZIP and the closest reporting ZIP codes within ~10 miles.

residents

What this shows Among its immediate neighbors, ZIP 45231 ranks #2 by population - useful context the national average alone can't give.

Source U.S. Census Bureau · ACS 5-Year Estimates As of 2019–2023

ZIP 45231 vs its nearest neighbors, by median income

Median household income of this ZIP and the closest reporting ZIP codes within ~10 miles.

median income

What this shows By household income, ZIP 45231 ranks #4 of 9 neighboring ZIPs, local affluence varies block to block, not just metro to metro.

Source U.S. Census Bureau · ACS 5-Year Estimates As of 2019–2023
ZIP Code City Population Distance
45218 Cincinnati, OH 3,846 1.7 mi
45240 Cincinnati, OH 27,286 2.8 mi
45224 Cincinnati, OH 19,837 3.1 mi
45251 Cincinnati, OH 22,391 3.4 mi
45239 Cincinnati, OH 28,315 3.6 mi
45223 Cincinnati, OH 12,360 5.2 mi
45215 Cincinnati, OH 29,623 4.1 mi
45232 Cincinnati, OH 6,358 4.6 mi
45014 Fairfield, OH 43,917 5.8 mi
45216 Cincinnati, OH 9,570 4.3 mi

More ZIP Codes in Hamilton County

45238 standard
Cincinnati, OH
Pop: 45,760
45211 standard
Cincinnati, OH
Pop: 36,111
45215 standard
Cincinnati, OH
Pop: 29,623
45244 standard
Cincinnati, OH
Pop: 28,565
45239 standard
Cincinnati, OH
Pop: 28,315
45230 standard
Cincinnati, OH
Pop: 27,536

Related Areas

Hamilton County Cincinnati, OH Ohio

Frequently Asked Questions

What county is ZIP code 45231 in? ▼
ZIP code 45231 (Cincinnati) is located in Hamilton County, Ohio. Hamilton County contains multiple ZIP codes, see the full list at /counties/hamilton-oh.
What is the population of ZIP code 45231? ▼
ZIP code 45231 in Cincinnati, OH has a population of 40,893 according to the Census Bureau ACS 2023 estimates.
What is the median household income in ZIP 45231? ▼
The median household income in ZIP 45231 is $71,353, which is 6% below the national average of $76,288.
What is the average home value in ZIP 45231? ▼
The median home value in ZIP 45231 is $176,000, which is 37% below the national average of $278,155.
What is the demographic makeup of ZIP 45231? ▼
The largest racial group in ZIP 45231 is White at 46.1%. Hispanic or Latino residents make up 3.0% of the population.
How many businesses are in ZIP code 45231? ▼
ZIP code 45231 has 562 business establishments employing approximately 7,532 people, according to Census Bureau ZIP Code Business Patterns (ZBP) 2023 data.
What are the main industries in ZIP code 45231? ▼
The top industries by establishment count in ZIP 45231 are: Health care and social assistance (109), Retail trade (85), Other services (except public administration) (84). There are 15 industry sectors represented in total.
How have home values changed in ZIP code 45231? ▼
According to the FHFA House Price Index, home values in ZIP 45231 increased by 7.0% in 2024. Since 2000, home values in this ZIP have appreciated by approximately 100%. This is a developmental index based on repeat sales and appraisal data from Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac.
What is the education level in ZIP code 45231? ▼
In ZIP code 45231, 60.4% of residents aged 25+ have a high school diploma or higher, and 29.2% hold a bachelor's degree or higher. These figures come from the Census Bureau ACS 5-Year Estimates (2023).
What is the average commute time in ZIP 45231? ▼
The mean commute time for workers in ZIP code 45231 is 24.6 minutes according to Census ACS data. The national average is roughly 26 minutes, so commuters here spend less time traveling to work than typical.
What percentage of residents own vs. rent in ZIP 45231? ▼
In ZIP code 45231, approximately 72.6% of occupied housing units are owner-occupied and 27.4% are renter-occupied, based on Census ACS 2023 data.
What is the poverty rate in ZIP code 45231? ▼
The poverty rate in ZIP code 45231 is 11.7% according to Census Bureau ACS 2023 estimates. This measures the percentage of the population living below the federal poverty threshold.

Read our methodology to see how this data is sourced, computed, and verified.